Studier & Referenser

 

Kokosfett är väl inte nyttigt, det är ju mättat

 

Antibakteriella egenskaper


In vitro antimicrobial properties of coconut oil on Candida species in Ibadan, Nigeria.
J Med Food. 2007 Jun;10(2):384-7

Antimicrobial Activity of Saturated Fatty Acids and Fatty Amines against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, Vol. 27 (2004) , No. 9 1321

Antibacterial actions of fatty acids and monoglycerides against Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2003 May 15;36(1-2):9-17.

Bactericidal effects of fatty acids and monoglycerides on Helicobacter pylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002 Oct;20(4):258-62.

Effect of fatty acids on arenavirus replication: inhibition of virus production by lauric acid. Arch Virol. 2001;146(4):777-90.

Killing of Gram-positive cocci by fatty acids and monoglycerides. APMIS. 2001 Oct;109(10):670-8.

In vitro killing of Candida albicans by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Nov;45(11):3209-12.

In vitro susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to fatty acids and monoglycerides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999 Nov;43(11):2790-2.

Medium-chain triglycerides inhibit growth of Malassezia: implications for prevention of systemic infection. Crit Care Med. 1999 Sep;27(9):1781-6.


In vitro inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Sep;42(9):2290-4.

Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to bactericidal properties of medium-chain monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996 Feb;40(2):302-6.

Inactivation of enveloped viruses in human bodily fluids by purified lipids. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Jun 6;724:457-64. Review.

Inactivation of visna virus and other enveloped viruses by free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Jun 6;724:465-71.

Lauric acid inhibits the maturation of vesicular stomatitis virus. J Gen Virol. 1994 Feb;75 ( Pt 2):353-61.

Antibacterial effect of caprylic acid and monocaprylin on major bacterial mastitis pathogens. J Dairy Sci. 2005 Oct; 88(10):3488-95.

Inactivation of enveloped viruses and killing of cells by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987 Jan;31(1):27-31.

The effects of fatty acids and their monoesters on the metabolic activity of dental plaque. J Dent Res. 1984 Jan;63(1):2-5.

The Effect Of Virgin Coconut Oil Supplementation For Community-Acquired Pneumonia In Children Aged 3 To 60 Months Admitted At The Philippine Children’s Medical Center: A Single Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial, CHEST, October 29, 2008

 

Kardiovaskulär hälsa eller relaterat

En stor grupp studier visar korrelation mellan låggradiga bakteriella/virala infektioner hjärtbesvär. Värst är Chlamydia pneumoniae, Cytomegalovirus och  Helicobacter pylori. Alla dessa patogener påverkas negativt av mediumlånga fettsyror som finns i kokosolja…med andra ord vissa av dessa studier är inte direkt kopplade till just kokosfett utan till MCFA (Medium chained fatty acids).

 

Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting abdominal obesity. Lipids. 2009 Jul;44(7):593-601. Epub 2009 May 13.

 

Medium chain triglyceride oil consumption as part of a weight loss diet does not lead to an adverse metabolic profile when compared to olive oil. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Oct;27(5):547-52.

 

Effects of dietary medium-chain triglyceride on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in a group of moderately overweight free-living type 2 diabetic Chinese subjects. Metabolism. 2007 Jul;56(7):985-91.

 

Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro LDL oxidation. Clin Biochem. 2004 Sep;37(9):830-5

Comparative Study of Coconut Oil, Soybean Oil, and Hydrogenated Soybean Oil. PJCS. 2004;24

A diet rich in coconut oil reduces diurnal postprandial variations in circulating tissue plasminogen activator antigen and fasting lipoprotein (a) compared with a diet rich in unsaturated fat in women. J. Nutr. 2003;133:3422-3427.

Antibiotic treatment of atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003 Dec;14(6):605-14.

Coconut Oil: Atherogenic or Not? (What therefore causes Atherosclerosis?). Philippine Journal of Cardiology. 2003 July-Sept; 31(3):97-104.

Chronic infection and coronary artery disease. Cardiol Clin. 2003 Aug;21(3):333-62.

Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the atherosclerotic plaque of patients with unstable angina and its relation with serology. Int J Cardiol. 2003 Jun;89(2-3):273-9.

 

Effects of dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols on serum lipoproteins and biochemical parameters in healthy men. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002 Aug;66(8):1713-8
Results of use of metformin and replacement of starch with saturated fat in diets of patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr Pract. 2002 May-Jun;8(3):177-83.

Secondary prevention of coronary artery disease with antimicrobials: current status and future directions. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2002;2(2):107-18.

Chronic infections and atherosclerosis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 Dec;84 Suppl 3:S650-7.

Emerging relations between infectious diseases and coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. CMAJ 2000 Jul 11;163(1);49-56.

The possible role of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the origin of atherosclerosis. J Clin Virol 2000 Feb;16(1):17-24.

Effects of total pathogen burden on coronary artery disease risk and C-reactive protein levels. Am J Cardiol 2000 Jan 15;85(2):140-6.

A cross-over study of the effect of a single oral feeding of medium chain triglyceride oil vs. canola oil on post-ingestion plasma triglyceride levels in healthy men. Altern Med Rev 1999 Feb;4(1):23-8.

Inverse association of dietary fat with development of ischemic stroke in men. JAMA 1997 December;278(24):2145-50.

The role of coconut and coconut oil in coronary heart disease in Kerala, south India. Trop Doct. 1997 Oct;27(4):215-7.

Chronic infections and coronary heart disease: is there a link? Lancet, 1997 Aug;350(9075):430-37.

 

Review: nutritional support for patients with cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 Apr;12(4):282-6.
Coconut oil consumption and coronary heart disease. Philipp J Intern Med. 1992 May-Jun; 30(3):165-171.

Lipid patterns and dietary habits of healthy subjects living in urban, suburban and rural areas. Ceylon Med J. 1991 Mar;36(1):9-16.

 

A reevaluation of coconut oil’s effect on serum cholesterol and atherogenesis. J Philipp Med Assoc. 1989 Jul-Sep; 65(1):144-152.

Coconut oil revisited. J Philipp Med Assoc. 1989 Jul-Sep; 65(1):140-142.

Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in aging and arteriosclerosis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1986 Mar-Apr;6(3-4):115-21.

 

Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in aging and arteriosclerosis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1986 Mar-Apr;6(3-4):115-21.

 

Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in aging and arteriosclerosis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1986 Mar-Apr;6(3-4):115-21.
Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between blood pressure and migration: the Tokelau Island Migrant Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1985 Aug;122(2):291-301.

Cholesterol, coconuts, and diet on Polynesian atolls: a natural experiment: the Pukapuka and Tokelau island studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Aug;34(8):1552-61.

The Tokelau Island Migrant Study: serum lipid concentration in two environments. J Chronic Dis. 1981;34(2-3):45-55.

 

Chylothorax as a manifestation of rheumatic mitral stenosis: its postoperative management with a diet of medium-chain triglycerides. Chest 1978;73;672-673

 

Long-term effect of medium-chain triglyceride on hepatic enzymes catalyzing lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1977;23(1):43-51.

 

Studies on Fatty Acid Composition of Adipose Tissue and Blood Lipids of Polynesians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1969 May; 22(5):594-605.

 

Effect of a saturated medium-chain triglyceride on serum-lipids in man. Lancet. 1960 May 21;1(7134):1105-8.

 

Cancer

Antitumor effect of medium-chain triglyceride and its influence on the self-defense system of the body. Cancer Detect Prev. 1998;22(3):219-24.

 

Implementing a ketogenic diet based on medium-chain triglyceride oil in pediatric patients with cancer. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 Jun;95(6):693-7.

 

Effects of a ketogenic diet on tumor metabolism and nutritional status in pediatric oncology patients: two case reports. J Am Coll Nutr. 1995 Apr;14(2):202-8.

 

Menhaden, coconut, and corn oils and mammary tumor incidence in BALB/c virgin female mice treated with DMBA. Nutr Cancer. 1993;20(2):99-106.

 

A comparison of long-chain triglycerides and medium-chain triglycerides on weight loss and tumour size in a cachexia model. Br J Cancer. 1988 Nov;58(5):580-3.

 

The influence of dietary medium chain triglycerides on rat mammary tumor development. Lipids 1987 Jun;22(6):455-61.

 

Tumor promotion by dietary fat in azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in female F344 rats: influence of amount and source of dietary fat. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984 Mar;72(3):745-50.

Influence of dietary medium-chain triglycerides on the development of N-methylnitrosourea-induced rat mammary tumors. Cancer Res. 1984 Nov;44(11):5023-8.

 

Diabetes

Medium-chain fatty acids ameliorate insulin resistance caused by high-fat diets in rats. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2009 Feb;25(2):185-94.

 

Medium-chain fatty acids improve cognitive function in intensively treated type 1 diabetic patients and support in vitro synaptic transmission during acute hypoglycemia. Diabetes. 2009 May;58(5):1237-44. Epub 2009 Feb 17.

 

Effects of dietary medium-chain triglyceride on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in a group of moderately overweight free-living type 2 diabetic Chinese subjects. Metabolism. 2007 Jul;56(7):985-91.

 

Results of use of metformin and replacement of starch with saturated fat in diets of patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr Pract. 2002 May-Jun;8(3):177-83.

 

Dietary substitution of medium-chain triglycerides improves insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in NIDDM subjects. Diabetes. 1992 May;41(5):641-7.

 

 

Näringsupptag & matsmältning
Short term effects of dietary medium-chain fatty acids and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the fat metabolism of healthy volunteers. Lipids Health Dis. 2003 Nov 17;2(1):10.

Effects of medium- and long-chain triglycerides on sleep and thermoregulatory processes in neonates. J Sleep Res. 1998 Mar;7(1):31-9.

Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: obesity treatment implications. Life Sci. 1998;62(14):1203-15.

Vegetable oil fortified feeds in the nutrition of very low birthweight babies. Indian Pediatr. 1992 Dec;29(12):1519-27.

 

Neonatal hypoglycemia. Biol Neonate. 1990;58 Suppl 1:16-21.

 

Infant feeding formulas using coconut oil and the medium chain triglycerides. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Jun;8(3):253-4.
Absorption of individual fatty acids from long chain or medium chain triglycerides in very small infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 May;43(5):745-51.

 

Chylous-fluid triglycerides and lipoproteins in a patient with chylothorax put on a diet of butter or medium-chain triglyceride [proceeedings]. Arch Int Physiol Biochim. 1980 Feb;88(1):B17-B19.

 

Regulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone body production. Annu Rev Biochem. 1980;49:395-420.

Chylothorax as a manifestation of rheumatic mitral stenosis: its postoperative management with a diet of medium-chain triglycerides. Chest 1978;73;672-673

Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on calcium and magnesium absorption. Pediatrics. 1978 Apr;61(4):537-45.

 

MCT absorption by preterm infants. Nutr Rev. 1976 Mar;34(3):71-3.

 

Correction of the malabsorption of the preterm infant with a medium-chain triglyceride formula. J Pediatr. 1975 Mar;86(3):446-50.

Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on fat and nitrogen absorption. Pediatrics. 1975 Mar;55(3):359-70.

Correction of the malabsorption of the preterm infant with a medium-chain triglyceride formula. J Pediatr. 1975 Mar;86(3):446-50.

 

Lactose-free, medium-chain triglyceride formulas in severe malnutrition. Am J Dis Child. 1973 Sep;126(3):330-5.

 

Effect of medium chain triglyceride on fecal calcium losses in pancreatic insufficiency. Clin Biochem. 1973 Jun;6(2):136-40.

 

The effect of medium-chain triglyceride on 47 calcium absorption in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut. 1973 Aug;14(8):653-6.

 

The effects of medium-chain triglycerides in the short bowel syndrome. Increased glucose and water transport. Am J Dig Dis. 1972 Mar;17(3):233-8.

 

Absorption of medium-chain triglycerides in animals with pancreatic atrophy. Am J Dig Dis. 1972 Feb;17(2):129-37.

 

Medium Chain Triglycerides in Paediatric Practice. Arch Dis Child. 1970 August; 45(242): 445–452.

 

Coconut oil as a dietary source of fat with special reference to filled milk. Hawaii Med J. 1969 Jul-Aug;28(6):459-63.

 

Assessment of Medium-chain Triglyceride Feeding in Infants with Cystic Fibrosis. Arch. Dis. Childh., 1969, 44, 401.

 

Nutritional properties of medium-chain triglycerides. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1968 Jan;45(1):19-22.

 

 

 

Epilepsi

 

A randomized trial of classical and medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diets in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009 May;50(5):1109-17. Epub 2008 Nov 19.

 

Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) ketogenic therapy. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49 Suppl 8:33-6.

 

Metabolic effects of three ketogenic diets in the treatment of severe epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1989 Apr;31(2):152-60.

 

Medium chain triglyceride diet in the treatment of intractable childhood epilepsy. Arch Dis Child. 1986 Dec;61(12):1168-72.

 

Early biochemical and EEG correlates of the ketogenic diet in children with atypical absence epilepsy. Pediatr Neural 1985 Mar-Apr;1(2):104-8.

 

Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet in intractable seizure disorders. Neurology. 1985 Feb;35(2):237-8.

 

Monitoring octanoic and decanoic acids in plasma from children with intractable epilepsy treated with medium-chain triglyceride diet. Clin Chem. 1982 Apr;28(4 Pt 1):642-5.

 

Medium chain triglyceride oil ketogenic diets in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. J Hum Nutr. 1978 Apr;32(2):111-6.

 

Medium-chain triglyceride diet in the treatment of intractable childhood epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1978 Apr;20(2):249-50.

 

Medium-chain triglycerides in a ketogenic diet. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1977 Aug;19(4):535-8.

 

Ketonemia and seizures: metabolic and anticonvulsant effects of two ketogenic diets in childhood epilepsy. Pediatr Res. 1976 May;10(5):536-40.

 

Ketogenic diet containing medium-chain triglycerides. J Am Diet Assoc. 1973 Mar;62(3):285-90.

 

Medium-chain triglycerides as a therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy. Neurology. 1971 Nov;21(11):1097-103.

 

 

Sjukvård/Rehab och barnvård

 

An enteral therapy containing medium-chain triglycerides and hydrolyzed peptides reduces postprandial pain associated with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2003;3(1):36-40.

Clinical and metabolic effects of two lipid emulsions on the parenteral nutrition of septic patients. Nutrition. 2002 Feb;18(2):134-8.

Metabolic effects of medium-chain triglycerides in parenteral nutrition after surgery Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2001 Sep;39(9):694-7.

 

Medium-chain triglycerides inhibit free radical formation and TNF-alpha production in rats given enteral ethanol. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000 Mar;278(3):G467-76.

 

Long chain versus medium chain lipids in patients with ARDS: effects on pulmonary haemodynamics and gas exchange. Intensive Care Med. 1998 Oct;24(10):1029-33.

 

Medium-chain compared with long-chain triacylglycerol emulsions enhance macrophage response and increase mucosal mass in parenterally fed rats. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Jun;67(6):1265-72.
Decreased fat and nitrogen losses in patients with AIDS receiving medium-chain-triglyceride-enriched formula vs those receiving long-chain-triglyceride-containing formula. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997 Jun;97(6):605-11.

Nutritional management of the critically ill neurologic patient. Crit Care Clin. 1997 Jan;13(1):39-49.
Efficacy of different triglycerides in total parenteral nutrition for preventing atrophy of the gut in traumatized rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1997 Jan-Feb;21(1):21-6.

Parenteral nutrition in the critically ill: use of a medium chain triglyceride emulsion. Intensive Care Med 1993;19(2):89-95.

A comparison of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides in surgical patients. Ann Surg. 1993 Feb;217(2):175-84.

 

Insulinotropic potency of lauric acid: a metabolic rationale for medium chain fatty acids (MCF) in TPN formulation. J Surg Res. 1992 Apr;52(4):328-33.
Long-chain versus medium and long-chain triglyceride-based fat emulsion in parenteral nutrition of severe head trauma patients. Infusionstherapie. 1990 Oct;17(5):246-8.

 

Comparison of medium and long chain triglyceride metabolism in intensive care patients on parenteral nutrition. Intensive Care Med. 1989;15(4):250-4.

 

Clinical and experimental effects of medium-chain-triglyceride-based fat emulsions–a review. Clin Nutr. 1989 Oct;8(5):223-35.

 

Medium chain triglycerides and structured lipids as unique nonglucose energy sources in hyperalimentation. Lipids. 1987 Jun;22(6):421-3.

 

The metabolic consequences of infusing emulsions containing medium chain triglycerides for parenteral nutrition: a comparative study with conventional lipid. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1986 May;68(3):119-21.

 

 

Metabolism

 

Medium- versus long-chain triglycerides for 27 days increases fat oxidation and energy expenditure without resulting in changes in body composition in overweight women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Jan;27(1):95-102.

Larger diet-induced thermogenesis and less body fat accumulation in rats fed medium-chain triacylglycerols than in those fed long-chain triacylglycerols. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 Dec;48(6):524-9.

Comparison of diet-induced thermogenesis of foods containing medium- versus long-chain triacylglycerols. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 Dec;48(6):536-40.

The thermic effect is greater for structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols versus long-chain triacylglycerols in healthy young women. Metabolism. 2001 Jan;50(1):125-30.
Swimming endurance capacity of mice is increased by chronic consumption of medium-chain triglycerides. J Nutr. 1995 Mar;125(3):531-9.

Postprandial thermogenesis in lean and obese subjects after meals supplemented with medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 May;53(5):1130-3.
Thermogenesis in humans during overfeeding with medium-chain triglycerides. Metabolism. 1989 Jul;38(7):641-8.

Role of brown adipose tissue in thermogenesis induced by overfeeding a diet containing medium chain triglyceride. Lipids. 1987 Jun;22(6):442-4.

Thermic effect of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 Nov;44(5):630-4.

Enhanced thermogenesis and diminished deposition of fat in response to overfeeding with diet containing medium chain triglyceride. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982 Apr;35(4):678-82.

 

 

Vikt

Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting abdominal obesity. Lipids. 2009; Jul;44(7):593-601; Epub 2009 May 13

 

Weight-loss diet that includes consumption of medium-chain triacylglycerol oil leads to a greater rate of weight and fat mass loss than does olive oil. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Mar;87(3):621-6.

 

Effects of dietary medium-chain triglyceride on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in a group of moderately overweight free-living type 2 diabetic Chinese subjects. Metabolism. 2007 Jul;56(7):985-91.

 

Dietary fats, teas, dairy, and nuts: potential functional foods for weight control? Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jan;81(1):7-15.

Effect of dietary medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) on accumulation of body fat in healthy humans. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12(2):151-60.

Greater rise in fat oxidation with medium-chain triglyceride consumption relative to long-chain triglyceride is associated with lower initial body weight and greater loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Dec;27(12):1565-71.

Medium-chain triglycerides increase energy expenditure and decrease adiposity in overweight men. Obes Res. 2003 Mar;11(3):395-402.

Consumption of an oil composed of medium chain triacyglycerols, phytosterols, and N-3 fatty acids improves cardiovascular risk profile in overweight women. Metabolism. 2003 Jun;52(6):771-7.

Medium- versus long-chain triglycerides for 27 days increases fat oxidation and energy expenditure without resulting in changes in body composition in overweight women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Jan;27(1):95-102.
Physiological effects of medium-chain triglycerides: potential agents in the prevention of obesity. J Nutr. 2002 Mar;132(3):329-32.

Value of VLCD supplementation with medium chain triglycerides. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001 Sep;25(9):1393-400.

Dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols suppress accumulation of body fat in a double-blind, controlled trial in healthy men and women. J Nutr. 2001 Nov;131(11):2853-9.

 

Effects of medium-chain fatty acids on body composition and protein metabolism in overweight rats. J Physiol Biochem. 2000 Dec;56(4):337-46.
Endogenous fat oxidation during medium chain versus long chain triglyceride feeding in healthy women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Sep;24(9):1158-66.

Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: obesity treatment implications. Life Sci. 1998;62(14):1203-15.

 

Covert manipulation of the ratio of medium- to long-chain triglycerides in isoenergetically dense diets: effect on food intake in ad libitum feeding men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996 May;20(5):435-44.

 

The role of oils containing triacylglycerols and medium-chain fatty acids in the dietary treatment of obesity. The effect on resting energy expenditure and serum lipids. Cas Lek Cesk. 1994 Jun 13;133(12):373-5.
Hypocaloric feeding in obese women: metabolic effects of medium-chain triglyceride substitution. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 Feb;49(2):326-30.

Overfeeding with medium-chain triglyceride diet results in diminished deposition of fat. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983 Jan;37(1):1-4.

 

Enhanced thermogenesis and diminished deposition of fat in response to overfeeding with diet containing medium chain triglyceride. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982 Apr;35(4):678-82.

 

 

Leverbesvär/övriga sjukdomar

 

Diet supplemented with MCT oil in the management of childhood diarrhea. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):286-92.

 

Alcoholic fatty liver: its pathogenesis and mechanism of progression to inflammation and fibrosis. Alcohol. 2004 Aug;34(1):9-19.

 

Protective effects of medium-chain triglycerides on the liver and gut in rats administered endotoxin. Ann Surg. 2003 Feb;237(2):246-55.

Effects of dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols on serum lipoproteins and biochemical parameters in healthy men. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002 Aug;66(8):1713-8.
Comparison of the fat elimination between long-chain triglycerides and medium-chain triglycerides in rats with ischemic acute renal failure. Ren. Fail. 2002 Jan;24(1):1-9.

Medium-chain triglycerides inhibit free radical formation and TNF-alpha production in rats given enteral ethanol. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000 Mar;278(3):G467-76.

 

Review of the toxicologic properties of medium-chain triglycerides. Food Chem Toxicol 2000 Jan:38(1):79-98

 

Prevention of hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis during pregnancy with medium-chain triglyceride nutritional support. Int J Pancreatol. 1998 Jun;23(3):187-92.

 

Decreased fat and nitrogen losses in patients with AIDS receiving medium-chain-triglyceride-enriched formula vs those receiving long-chain-triglyceride-containing formula. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997 Jun;97(6):605-11.

 

Review: nutritional support for patients with cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 Apr;12(4):282-6.

 

A medium chain triglyceride-based diet in patients with HIV and chronic diarrhea reduces diarrhea and malabsorption: a prospective, controlled trial. Nutrition. 1996 Nov-Dec;12(11-12):766-71.
Protective effect of coconut oil on renal necrosis occurring in rats fed a methyl-deficient diet. Ren. Fail. 1995 Sep; 17 (5):525-37.

Opposite effects of dietary saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on ethanol-pharmacokinetics, triglycerides and carnitines. J Am Coll Nutr. 1994 Aug:13 (4):338-43.

Pityriasis versicolor and sunscreens containing coconut oil. Lancet. 1987 Sep 19;2(8560):685-6.

 

Coconut: a review of its uses as they relate to the allergic individual. Ann Allergy. 1983 Oct;51(4):472-81.

 

Oral treatment of carnitine myopathy. Lancet. 1977 Apr 16;1(8016):853.

 

Carnitine deficiency of skeletal muscle: report of a treated case. Neurology. 1976 Jul;26(7):633-7.

 

Regression of alcoholic fatty liver in the rat by medium-chain triglycerides. Am J Clin Nut. 25: Feb; 1972, pp. 175-81.

 

Medium Chain Triglycerides in Paediatric Practice. Arch Dis Child. 1970 August; 45(242): 445–452.

Antigenotoxicity of Dietary Coconut Oil: Clara Y. Lim-Sylianco, A.P. Guevara, and Sylianco-Wu, Institute of Chemistry College of Science

 

Lågfettsdiet inte bra

 

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/nutrition-news/low-fat/

 

 

Hans klocka tickar också

1. The effect of chromatin condensation (aniline blue staining) and morphology (strict criteria) of human sperm on fertilization, cleavage and pregnancy rates in an intracytoplasmic sperm injection programme. Hammadeh ME, Al-Hassani S, Stieber M et al. Hum Reprod 1996;11:2468-2471.

2. Relationship between assisted reproductive techniques (ART) outcome and status of chromatin integrity as measured by the sperm chromatin structure assay. Larson K, De Jonge C, Barnes A, Jost L, Evenson D Hum Reprod 2000;15:1717-1722.

3. Miscarriages Linked to Defective Sperm and Lower Sperm Counts, Drs. Mirjam Furuhjelm, Birgit Jonson, and C. Lagergren, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sabbatsberg Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, International Journal of Fertility

4. Surprising Sperm Abnormalities Linked to Chemically Grown Foods, Dr. Patricia P. Scott, J.P. Greaves and M.G. Scott Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London and Royal Veterinary College, London Journal of Reproductive Fertility

5. Environmental toxicants cause sperm DNA fragmentation as detected by the Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA((R))). Evenson DP, Wixon R, HCLD, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; SCSA Diagnostics, 807 32nd Avenue, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.

6. Decline in semen quality from 1930 to 1991, Carlsen E, Giwercman AJ, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. Rigshospitalet, afdeling for vaekst og reproduktion GR 5064, Kobenhavn.

http://www.extraordinaryhealth.com/extraordinary-health-newsletter/tabid/2103/Default.aspx?ContentPubID=714
http://mens.health-info.org/toxins-environment/sperm-quality-toxins-miscarriage

 

Omega-3 motverkar depression

http://www.wellnessresources.com/health/articles/fish_oil_in_the_battle_against_depression_cognitive_decline/

Rondanelli M, Giacosa A, Opizzi A, Pelucchi C, La Vecchia C, Montorfano G, Negroni M, Berra B, Politi P, Rizzo AM. Rondanelli M, Giacosa A, Opizzi A, Pelucchi C, La Vecchia C, Montorfano G, Negroni M, Berra B, Politi P, Rizzo AM. J Am Coll Nutr.  2010 February  29(1):55-64. Department of Applied Health Sciences, Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

Lespérance F, Frasure-Smith N, St-André E, Turecki G, Lespérance P, Wisniewski SR. The efficacy of omega-3 supplementation for major depression: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry.   2010 June. Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, 1560 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada.

Yurko-Mauro K, McCarthy D, Rom D, Nelson EB, Ryan AS, Blackwell A, Salem N Jr, Stedman M; on behalf of the MIDAS Investigators. Beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement.  2010 April. Clinical Research Department, Martek Biosciences Corporation, Columbia, MD, USA.

Zhang F, Shi JS, Zhou H, Wilson B, Hong JS, Gao HM. Resveratrol protects dopamine neurons against lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity through its anti-inflammatory actions. Mol Pharmacol.   2010 October  ;78(3):466-77.Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.

Oster T, Pillot T. Docosahexaenoic acid and synaptic protection in Alzheimer’s disease mice. Biochim Biophys Acta.   2010 August  1801(8):791-798. Laboratoire Lipidomix (EA 4422), PRES de l’Université de Lorraine, ENSAIA – INPL, 2, avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.

Kim HY, Akbar M, Kim YS. Phosphatidylserine-dependent neuroprotective signaling promoted by docosahexaenoic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.  2010 June  82(4-6):165-72. Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD.

 

 

Probiotika reducerar risk för atopiskt eksem hos barn: Dr. Khem Shahanis forskning:

Murthy M, Venkitanarayan K.S., Rangavajhyala N and K.M. Shahani, 2000,Delineation of beneficial characteristics of effective probiotics. J. Am. Nutr. Assoc, 3(2), 38-43

Watson DS, MVR Murthy, N. Rangavajhyala and K.M. Shahani, 2000, Inhibitory effect of yogurt and yogurt cultures on Yersinia enterocolitica, Journal of Applied Nutrition (in press)

Chandan R.C. MVR Murthy and K.M. Shahani, 2000, The Role of functional foods and probiotics in human health, Proceedings of the  International Food Convention (in press)

K.M. Shahani and  MVR Murthy, 2000, Recent advances in nutritional and therapeutic aspects of fermented dairy products, Proceedings of the  3rd National Symposium on food and nutrition, Saudi Arabia (in press)

M.V.R. Murthy and K.M. Shahani, 2000,  The role of new fermented dairy products, lactic cultures and enzymes in human health, Proceedings of  the 3rd National Symposium on food and nutrition, Saudi Arabia (in press)

Kaup, S. M., K. M. Shahani, M. A. Amer and E. R. Peo.  2000.  The interrelationship between serum lipids and bone formation as affected by yogurt as a calcium source.  Brit. J. Nutr. (submitted)

Kaup, S. M., K. M. Shahani, M. A. Amer and E. R. Peo.  2000.   The effect of hydrochloric acid, lactic acid and citric acid addition on the bioavailability of calcium in yogurt. J. Nutr. (submitted)

Fernandes, C. F., K. M. Shahani and M. A. Amer.  2000.  A novel in vitrotechnique to simulate growth of L. acidophilus in small bowel.  (In preparation)

Danielson, A. D., E. R. Peo, Jr., K. M. Shahani, A. J. Lewis, P. J. Whalen and M. A. Amer.  2000.  Production of acidophilus yogurt using a porcine strain of bacteria.  (In preparation)

Rangavajhyala, N., and K. M. Shahani.  1997.  Augmentation and role of immune factors leading to the beneficial role of lactobacilli.  Proc. 20th Anniversary Symposium CERELA (Center for Research on Lactobacilli),  Tucuman, Argentina.

Rangavajhyala, N., K. M. Shahani, G. Sridevi, and S. Srikumaran.  1997. Non-lipopolysaccharide component(s) of Lactobacillus acidophilus stimulate(s) the production of interleukin-la by marine macrophages.  Nutrition and Cancer, 27:130-134.

Lee, H., N. Rangavajhyala, C. Grandjean, and K. M. Shahani.  1996. Anticarcinogenic (2-oxypropyl) amine induced colon tumors in rats.  J. Appl. Nutr., 48:59-66.

Lee, H., N. Rangavajhyala, C.Grandjean, and K. M. Shahani.  1995. Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1 on transformation of bile acids by human fecal microflora.  Microbiol. Aliments-Nutrition. 13:241-247.

Gandhi, D.N. and K. M. Shahani. 1994. Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in freeze-dried acidophilus powder using two different media.  Indian Jr. Microbiol. 34:45-47.

Chandan, R. C., and K. M. Shahani.  1995.  “Other fermented dairy products.”  Chapter in Food and Feed, Volume (Eds. G. Reed and T. W. Nagodawithaua).  In Biotechnology Series, 2nd Ed.  VCH Publishers, Inc., New York.  pp. 385-418.

Gandhi, D. N., and K. M. Shahani.  1994.  Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilusin freeze-dried acidophilus powder using two different media.  Indian Jr. Microbiol. 34:45-47.

Chandan, R. C. and K. M. Shahani.  1993.  “Yogurt.”  Chapter in Dairy Science & Technology.  Ed. Hui, Y. H., VCH Publishers, Inc., New York pp. 1-56.

Fernandes, C. F., R. C. Chandan, and K. M. Shahani.  1992.  Fermented Dairy Products and Health.  Chapter In Lactic Acid Bacteria.  Vol. I. Ed. B. J. B. Wood.  Elsvier Pub. House, London, pp. 297-339.

Fernandes, C. F., K. M. Shahani, W. L. Staudinger, and M. A. Amer.  1991. Mode of tumor suppression by Lactobacillus acidophilus.  Effect ofLactobacillus acidophilus on the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor in Swiss mice.  J. Nutri. Medicine 2:25-34.

Fernandes, C. F. and K. M. Shahani.  1990.  Anticarcinogenic and immunological properties of dietary lactobacilli.  J. Food Prot. 53:704-710.

Shahani, K. M. and S. M. Kaup.  1990.  Calcium metabolism:  An overview.   Nutr. Quarterly 13:47-60.

Fernandes, C. F. and K. M. Shahani.  1989.  Modulation of antibiosis by lactobacilli and other lactic cultures and fermented foods.  Microbiol.  Nutrition Aliment. 7:337-352.

Fernandes, C. F. and K. M. Shahani.  1989.  Lactose intolerance and its modulation with Lactobacilli and other microbial supplements.  J. Appl. Nutr.   41:50-64.

Fernandes, C. F. and K. M. Shahani.  1989.  Modulation of antibiosis by lactobacilli and yogurt and its healthful and beneficial significance. pp. 145-159.  In proceedings of National Yogurt Association.  May 1989. New York, NY.

Fernandes, C. F. and K. M. Shahani.  1989.  Inhibitory effect of fermented milk cultures on the gastro-intestinal pathogens.  pp. 105-116.  In proceeding of Les Laits fermentes:  Actualite de la Recherche.  Paris, France.

Danielson, A. D., E. R. Peo, Jr., K. M. Shahani, A. J. Lewis, P. J. Whalen, and M. A. Amer.  1989.  Anticholesteremic property of Lactobacillus acidophilusyogurt fed to mature boars.  J. Ani. Sci.  67:966-974

Shahani, K., C. Fernandes, and V. Amer.  1988.  Immunologic and therapeutic modulation of gastrointestinal microecology by Lactobacilli.  Microbiol. & Therapy, 18:103-104.

Fernandes, C. F., K. M. Shahani, and M. A. Amer.  1988.  Effect of nutrient media and bile salts on growth and antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus.  J. Dairy Sci. 71:3222-3228.

Fernandes, C. F., K. M. Shahani, and M. A. Amer.  1988.  Control of diarrhea by Lactobacilli.  J. Appl. Nutr., 40:32-43.

Lee, H., B. A. Friend, and K. M. Shahani.  1988.  Factors affecting the protein quality of yogurt and acidophilus milk.  J. Dairy Sci. 71:3203-3214.

Rao, D. R., and K. M. Shahani.  1987.  Vitamin content of cultured milk products.  Cult. Dairy Prod. J. 22(1)6-10.

Shahani, K. M., C. F. Fernandes, and M. A. Amer.  1987.  Effect of yogurt on intestinal flora and immune responses.  Proc. Symp. On Yogurt, Union of Belgium Dairy Industry, pp. 57-67

Attaie, R., P. J. Whalen, K. M. Shahani and M. A. Amer.  1987. Inhibition of growth of Staphylococcus aureus during production of Acidophilus yogurt.  J. Food Protect. 50:224-228.

Kaup, S. M., K. M. Shahani and M. A. Amer.  1987.  Bioavailability of calcium in yogurt.  Milchweissenschaft, 42:513-516.

Fernandes, C. F., K. M. Shahani, and M. A. Amer.  1987.  Therapeutic role of dietary lactobacilli and lactobacillic fermented dairy products. FEMS Micro. Rev., 46:343-356.

Friend, B. A. and K. M. Shahani.  1985.  “Fermented Dairy Products.” InComprehensive Biotechnology.  Vol. 3, pp. 567-592.  Eds. C. L.  Cooney and A. E. Humphrey, Pergamon Press, New York.

Bottozzi, V., B. A. Friend and K. M. Shahani.  1985.  Proprieta antitumoral dei batteri lattici et degli alimenti fermentati con batteri lattici.  Il Latte, 10:873-877.

Friend, B. A. and K. M. Shahani.  1984.  Antitumor properties of Lactobacilli and Lactobacilli-Fermented Products.  J. Food Protect.  47:717-723.

Friend, B. A. and K. M. Shahani.  1984.  Nutritional and therapeutic aspects of lactobacilli.  J. Appl. Nutr. 36:125-153.

Reddy, G. V., K. M. Shahani, B. A. Friend, and R. C. Chandan.  1983. Natural antibiotic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus and bulgaricus.  III. Production and partial purification of bulgarican from Lactobacillus bulgaricus.  Cultured Dairy Prod. J. 18(2): 15-19.

Shahani, K. M.  1983.  Nutritional impact of lactobacillic fermented foods.  Proc. 15th Anniversary Symposium of Swedish Nutrition Foundation. pp. 103-111.

Shahani, K. M. and B. A. Friend.  1983.  “Properties of and prospects for cultured dairy products.”  In Food Microbiology, pp. 257-269.  Ed. Skinner, F. A. and Roberts, T. A.  Academic Press Inc., London

Reddy, G. V., B. A. Friend and K. M. Shahani.  1983.  Antitumor activity of yogurt.  J. Food Protect. 46: 8-11.

Shahani, K. M., B. A. Friend and P. J. Bailey.  1983.  Antitumor activity of fermented colostrum and milk.  J. Food Protect. 46:  385-386.

Friend, B. A., J. M. Fiedler and K. M. Shahani.  1983.  Influence of culture selection on the flavor, antimicrobial activity, Beta -galactosidase and B-vitamins of yogurt.  Milchwissenschaft  38: 133-136.

Shahani, K. M. and B. A. Friend.  1983.  The anti-neoplasm effects of lactobacilli.  Proc. Third International Biennial Seminar on lactic acid bacteria and human health of the Korean Public Health Association.  pp. 2-20.

Friend, B. A., R. E. Farmer and K. M. Shahani.  1982.  Effect of feeding and intraperitoneal implantation of yogurt culture cells on Ehrlich ascites tumor.  Milchwissenschaft 37: 708-710.

Kwan, A. J., A. Kilara, B. A. Friend and K. M. Shahani.  1982. Comparative B-vitamin content and organoleptic qualities of cultured and acidified sour cream. J. Dairy Sci., 65: 697-701.

Chandan, R. C. and K. M. Shahani.  1982.  “Cultured milk products.”  In Vol. G.Processing & Utilization in Handbook in Agric. Series. pp. 365-377.  Ed. I. Wolf.  CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Ayebo, A. D., K. M. Shahani, R. Dam, and B. A. Friend.  1982.  Ion exchange separation of the antitumor component(s) of yogurt dialyzate.  J. Dairy Sci. 65: 2388-2390.

Ayebo, A. D., I. A. Angelo, and K. M. Shahani.  1981.  Effect of ingestingLactobacillus acidophilus milk upon fecal flora and enzyme activity in human.  Milchwissenschaft, 35: 730-733.

Ayebo, A. D., K. M. Shahani, and R. Dam.  1981.  Antitumor component(s) of yogurt: Fractionation.  J. Dairy Sci., 64: 2318-2323.

Pollman, D. S., D. M. Danielson, W. B. Wren, E. R. Peo, and K. M. Shahani.  1980.  Influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus inoculum on gnotobiotic and conventional pigs.  J. Ani. Sci., 51: 629-637.

Shahani, K. M. and A. D. Ayebo.  1980.  Role of dietary lactobacilli in gastrointestinal microecology.  Proc. VI Intern’l Sym. Intestinal Microecol. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 33(11): 2448-2457.

Ayebo, A. D. and K. M. Shahani.  1980.  Role of cultured dairy products in the diet.  Cult. Dairy Prod. J., 15(4): 21-29.

Sinha, D. K., K. M. Shahani, A. Kilara, and R. M. Hill.  1979.  Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus contents of cultured and acidified Cottage cheese.  Cult. Dairy Prod. J., 14(3): 21-23.

Shahani, K. M. and R. C. Chandan.  1979.  Nutritional and healthful aspects of cultured and culture-containing dairy foods.  J. Dairy Sci., 62: 1685-1694.

Kilara, A. and K. M. Shahani.  1978.  Lactic fermentations of dairy foods and their biological significance.  J. Dairy Sci., 61: 1793-1800.

Shahani, K. M., J. R. Vakil, and A. Kilara.  1977.  Natural anti biotic activity ofLactobacillus acidophilus and bulgaricus.  II. Isolation of Acidophilin from L. acidophilus.  Cult. Dairy Prod.  J., 12(2): 8-11.

Reddy, K. P., K. M. Shahani, and S. M. Kulkarni.  1976.  Certain B-complex vitamins in cultured and acidified yogurt.  J. Dairy Sci., 59: 191-195.

Reif, G. D., K. M. Shahani, J. R. Vakil, and L. K. Crowe.  1976.  Factors affecting the B-complex vitamin content of Cottage cheese.  J. Dairy Sci., 59: 410-415.

Kilara, A., K. M. Shahani, and N. K. Das.  1976.  Effect of cryoprotective agents on freeze-drying and storage of lactic cultures. Cult. Dairy Prod. J., 11: 8-12.

Shahani, K. M., J. R. Vakil, and A. Kilara.  1976.  Natural antibiotic activity ofLactobacillus acidophilus and bulgaricus.  I.  Cultural conditions for the production of antibiosis.  Cult. Dairy Prod. J., 11(4): 14-17.

Kilara, A. and K. M. Shahani.  1976.  Lactase activity of cultured and acidified dairy products.  J. Dairy Sci., 59: 2031-2035.

Shahani, K. M., G. V. Reddy, and A. M. Joe.  1974.  Nutritional and therapeutic aspects of cultured dairy products.  Proc. XIX Intern’l Dairy Cong., Vol. 1e, pp. 569-570.

Reddy, G. V., K. M. Shahani, and M. R. Banerjee.  1973.  Inhibitory effect of yogurt on Ehrlich ascites tumor-cell proliferation.  J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 50: 815-817.

Shahani, K. M., J. R. Vakil, and R. C. Chandan.  1972.  Antibiotic acidophilin and process of preparing the same.  U. S. Patent 3,689,640.

Vakil, J. R. and K. M. Shahani.  1970.  Carbohydrate metabolism of lactic acid cultures.  IV. Glycolytic and HMS pathway enzymes in Streptococcus lactis.  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 36: 285-295.

Eitenmiller, R. R., J. R. Vakil, and K. M. Shahani.  1970.  Production and properties of Penicillium roqueforti lipase.  J. Food Sci.  35: 130-133.

Shahani, K. M.  1970.  Dual pathway of lactose metabolism by Streptococcus lactis.  Proc. XVIII Intern’l Dairy Cong., Vol. 1: 115.

Vakil, J. R. and K. M. Shahani.  1969.  Carbohydrate metabolism of lactic acid cultures.  II. Different pathways to lactose metabolism of Streptococcus lactis and their sensitivity to antibiotics.  J. Dairy Sci., 52: 162-168.

Vakil, J. R. and K. M. Shahani.  1969.  Carbohydrate metabolism of lactic acid cultures.  III. Glycolytic enzymes of Streptococcus lactis.   Can. J. Microbiol., 15: 753-759.

Vakil, J. R. and K. M. Shahani.  1969.  Carbohydrate metabolism of lactic acid cultures.  V. Lactobionate and gluconate metabolism of Streptococcus lactis.  UN. J. Dairy Sci., 52: 1928-1934.

Shahani, K. M.  1962.  Inhibitory effect of nisin upon various organisms.  J. Dairy Sci., 45: 827-832.

Shahani, K. M. and J. R. Vakil.  1962.  Carbohydrate metabolism of lactic acid cultures.  I.  Effects of antibiotics on the glucose, galactose and lactose metabolism of Streptococcus lactis.  J. Dairy Sci., 45: 1057-1065.

Shahani, K. M.  1959.  Comparison of nucleic acids and other phosphorus compounds of terramycin sensitive and resistant strains of Streptococcus lactis.  J. Dairy Sci., 42: 1659-1665.

Shahani, K. M. and W. J. Harper.  1958.  Differences in the acid production and phosphorus metabolism of oxytetracycline sensitive and resistant organisms.  Appl. Microbiol., 6: 9-14.

Shahani, K. M. and W. J. Harper.  1958.  The development of antibiotic resistance in cheese starter cultures.  Milk Prod. J., 49(3):  15-16, 53-54.

Shahani, K. M.  1957.  Carbohydrate and pyruvate metabolism of Oxytetracycline sensitive and resistant organisms.  Antibiotics Annual (1956-57), Medical Encyclopedia, Inc., New York.   pp. 523-532.

Paul, T. M. and K. M. Shahani.  Biochemical studies on the use of different Dahi cultures on acidity development in Ghee.  Indian J. Dairy Sci., 3: 59-67.

 

 


Comments

One response to “Studier & Referenser”

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *